DOIBoost: Crossref, Unpaywall, Microsoft Academic Graph, ORCID

DOIBoost is a dataset that combines research outputs and links among them from a selection of data sources. It enriches the records available on Crossref with what's available on Unpaywall, Microsoft Academic Graph, ORCID intersecting all those datasets by DOI. As consequence, DOIBoost does not contain any record from MAG, Unpaywall, or ORCID that doesn't provide a DOI available in Crossref.

Each Crossref record is enriched with:

• ORCID identifiers of authors from ORCID
• Open Access instance (with OA color/route and license) from Unpaywall
• the following information from MAG:
  • abstracts
  • MAG identifiers of authors
  • affiliation (result - organization) relationships
  • subjects (MAG FieldsOfStudy)
  • conference or journal information

The Open Access status is also set by intersecting the journal information of a record with the journal lists available from DOAJ and the Gold ISSN list.

Inputs

• Crossref: dump available to Crossref subscribers via MetadataPlus service, updated once a month.
• Microsoft Academic Graph: downloaded version on 2021-02-15. We plan to take the latest version in Dec 2021 before MAG will be retired.
• ORCID: baseline dump obtained in 2020-10-13, regularly updated every week from the ORCID public API.
• Unpaywall: public database snapshot downloaded in March 2021. Unpaywall updates it twice a year (https://unpaywall.org/products/snapshot)

The construction of the DOIBoost dataset consists of the following phases:

Process

The following section describes the processing steps needed to build DOIBoost starting from the input data.

Crossref filtering

Records in Crossref are ruled out according to the following criteria

• have blank title, examples:
  • 10.1093/rheumatology/41.7.837
  • 10.1093/qjmed/95.7.430
  • 10.1371/journal.pone.0171434.g005
• have one of the following publishers: "Test accounts", "CrossRef Test Account"
  • Examples from https://api.crossref.org/works?query.publisher-name=%22Test%20accounts%22
    • 10.1007/bf00344543
    • 10.1007/bf00186154
    • 10.1306/64ed947a-1724-11d7-8645000102c1865d
• have no authors with valid names, where valid means: not blank and different from all strings in this list: List(",", "none none", "none, none", "none &na;", "(:null)", "test test test", "test test", "test", "&na; &na;")
  • Examples for blank authors:
    • 10.1108/00070709810247807
    • 10.1016/s1074-9098(02)00346-5
    • 10.1136/heart.88.1.6
  • Examples for "none" author from https://api.crossref.org/works?query.author=%22none%22
    • 10.4007/annals.2016.184.3.11
    • 10.4007/annals.2012.176.1.6
    • 10.2172/6393585
  • Examples for "test" author from https://api.crossref.org/works?query.author=%22test%22
    • 10.5116/ijme.54ca.a5ae
    • 10.5755/j01.ss.71.2.544
    • 10.5755/j01.ee.22.2.319
• have "Addie Jackson" as author and "Elsevier BV" as publisher (empirically we say they are test records)
  • Examples from https://api.crossref.org/works?query.author=Addie+Jackson&query.publisher-name=%22Elsevier%20BV%22
    • 10.2139/ssrn.2082156
    • 10.2139/ssrn.2202300
    • 10.2139/ssrn.2255657
• have not one of the following values in the field type : "book-section", "book", "book-chapter", "book-part", "book-series", "book-set", "book-track", "edited-book", "reference-book", "monograph", "journal-article", "dissertation", "other", "peer-review", "proceedings", "proceedings-article", "reference-entry", "report", "report-series", "standard", "standard-series", "posted-content", "dataset",
  • Example:
    • 10.1371/journal.pone.0171434.g005
    • 10.7554/elife.21052.049
    • 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005379.s006

Records with type=dataset are mapped into OpenAIRE results of type dataset. All others are mapped as OpenAIRE results of type publication.

Mapping Crossref properties into the OpenAIRE Graph

Properties in OpenAIRE results are set based on the logic described in the following table:

OpenAIRE Result field path	Crossref path(s)	Notes
id	doi	id in the form doi_________::md5(doi)
dateofcollection	indexed.datetime
lastupdatetimestamp	indexed.timestamp
type	type	dataset if the Crossref type is dataset, publication otherwise (based on the filtering logics described above)
originalId	doi, clinical-trial-number, alternative-id
pid		The scheme tells the type of PID, the value contains the actual value
pid.scheme		Default value: doi
pid.value	doi	The doi is normalised and lower-cased
maintitle	title
subtitle	subtitle
author	author	if available the sequence is mapped to rank and the ORCID is also mapped
author.name	author.given
author.surname	author.family
author.fullname	author.given author.family
author.rank		based on the order, starts from 1
author.pid		only if the ORCID is available
author.pid.id.scheme		Default 'pending_orcid' (meaning that it is not an id confirmed by ORCID)
author.pid.id.value	author.ORCID
author.pid.provenance.provenance		Default 'Harvested'
author.pid.provenance.trust		Default '0.9'
description	abstract
subject	subject	with classid='keywords', i.e. no controlled vocabularies for Crossref subjects
publicationdate	issued.datetime or, if not available, created.datetime
publisher	publisher
source	source	only if the record is not of type book
source	concatenation of container-title.head + "ISBN: " + ISBN.head	only if the record is of type book
container		It is set only for publications with information about the journal it was published in.
container.name	container-title.head
container.issnOnline	issn-type.value	if issn-type.type='electronic'
container.issnPrinted	issn-type.value	if issn-type.type='print'
container.vol	volume
container.sp	page	before '-'
container.ep	page	after '-'
instance		One instance is created with the DOI URL
instance.accessright		Values in instance.accessright.code and instance.accessright.label are set based on license and dateofacceptance: - UNKNOWN: if the license is blank - OPEN ACCESS: if the license is a CC license or an ACS license or an APA license (considered OPEN also by Unpaywall, see Unpaywall FAQ for details) or if OUP license, but only after 12 months from the publication date - EMBARGO: OUP license, before 12 months from the publication date - CLOSED: if there is a license not covered by the previous cases
instance.accessright.code		Code from the COAR vocabulary for access right
instance.accessright.label		One of: OPEN, RESTRICTED, CLOSED, EMBARGO
instance.accessright.scheme		Scheme that defines the code and label, i.e. the URL to the COAR vocabulary for access right
instance.accessright.openAccessRoute		only if instance.accessright.value = 'OPEN ACCESS'. Default is hybrid. The route is fixed in subsequent phases of DOIBoost, namely when intersecting with Unpaywall and patching the hostedby via DOAJ and the Gold-ISSN list.
instance.license	license.URL	If there is a license.content-version='vor', then this is used. Otherwise the first license entry is used.
instance.pid		The scheme tells the type of PID, the value contains the actual value
instance.pid.scheme		Default value: doi
instance.pid.value	doi	The doi is normalised and lower-cased
instance.publicationdate	issued.datetime or, if not available, created.datetime
instance.refereed		set to peerReviewed only if relation.has-review.id is not empty, UNKNOWN otherwise.
instance.type	subtype	mapped using the OpenAIRE vocabulary for result typologies
instance.url	doi	Full URL of the DOI

All other fields of the Json schema not mentioned in the table contain empty values.

All the records from Crossref are related to the datasource with name=Crossref and id=openaire____::081b82f96300b6a6e3d282bad31cb6e2

Possible improvements:

• map clinical-trial-number and alternative-id in alternateIdentifiers?
• Verify if Crossref has a property for language, country, container.issnLinking, container.iss, container.edition, container.conferenceplace and container.conferencedate
• Different approach to set the refereed field and improve its coverage?

Map Crossref links to projects/funders

Links to funding available in Crossref are mapped as funding relationships (result -- isProducedBy -- project) applying the following mapping:

Funder	Grant code	Link to
DOI: {10.13039/100010663, 10.13039/100010661, 10.13039/501100007601, 10.13039/501100000780, 10.13039/100010665} or name: 'European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program'	series of 4-9 digits in award	Link to H2020 project
DOI: {10.13039/100011199, 10.13039/100004431, 10.13039/501100004963, 10.13039/501100000780}	series of 4-9 digits in award	Link to FP7 project
DOI: 10.13039/501100000781 OR name: 'European Union's'	series of 4-9 digits in award	Link to FP7 or H2020 project
DOI: 10.13039/100000001	award	Link to NSF project
DOI: 10.13039/501100001665 OR name: {'The French National Research Agency (ANR)', 'The French National Research Agency'}	award	Link to ANR project
DOI: 10.13039/501100002341	award	Link to Academy of Finland project
DOI: 10.13039/501100001602	award, removing the initial 'SFI' if present	Link to SFI project
DOI: 10.13039/501100000923	award	Link to ARC project
DOI: 10.13039/501100000038	award ignore: we cannot map the project codes in Crossref to project codes in OpenAIRE	Link to NSERC (unidentified project)
DOI: 10.13039/501100000155	award ignore: we cannot map the project codes in Crossref to project codes in OpenAIRE	Link to SSHRC (unidentified project)
DOI: 10.13039/501100000024	award ignore: we cannot map the project codes in Crossref to project codes in OpenAIRE	Link to CIHR (unidentified project)
DOI: 10.13039/501100002848 OR name :'CONICYT, Programa de Formación de Capital Humano Avanzado'	award	Link to CONICYT project
DOI: 10.13039/501100003448	series of 4-9 digits in award	Link to GSRT project
DOI: 10.13039/501100010198	award	Link to SGOV project
DOI: 10.13039/501100004564	series of 4-9 digits in award	Link to MESTD project
DOI: 10.13039/501100003407	award	Link to MIUR project. Since OpenAIRE has a small subset of MIUR projects, a link to the MIUR funder (unidentified project) is also generated
DOI: {10.13039/501100006588, 10.13039/501100004488}	award, removing 'Project No' and 'HRZZ' prefix, if present	Link to HRZZ or MZOS project
DOI: 10.13039/501100006769	award	Link to Russian Science Foundation project
DOI: 10.13039/501100001711	award after '_' and before '/'	Link to SNSF project
DOI: 10.13039/501100004410	award	Link to TUBITAK project
DOI: 10.10.13039/100004440 or name: Wellcome Trust Masters Fellowship	award	Link to Wellcome Trust specific project and to the unidentified project.

Intersect Crossref with UnpayWall by DOI

The fields we consider from UnpayWall are:

• is_oa
• best_oa_location
• oa_status

The results of Crossref that intersect by DOI with UnpayWall records are enriched with one additional instance with the following properties:

OpenAIRE Result field path	Unpaywall field path	Notes
instance		created only if is_oa and a best_oa_location is available
instance.accessright		default value Open Access: we do not add instances if UnpayWall says there is no open version
instance.accessright.code		Open Access code from the COAR vocabulary for access right
instance.accessright.label		Always OPEN
instance.accessright.scheme		Scheme that defines the code and label, i.e. the URL to the COAR vocabulary for access right
instance.accessright.openAccessRoute	oa_status
instance.url	best_oa_location
instance.license	best_oa_location.license
instance.pid		The scheme tells the type of PID, the value contains the actual value
instance.pid.scheme		Default value: doi
instance.pid.value	doi	The doi is normalised and lower-cased

For the definition of UnpayWall's oa_status refer to the Unpaywall FAQ

The record will also feature a relation to the UnpayWall data source: name="UnpayWall", id=openaire____::8ac8380272269217cb09a928c8caa993.

Intersect with ORCID

The fields we consider from ORCID are:

• doi
• authors, a list of authors, each with optional name, surname, creditName, oid

OpenAIRE field path	ORCID path	Notes
pid	doi
author.name	capitalize(name)	only mapped if not blank
author.surname	capitalize(surname)	only mapped if not blank
author.fullname		if name and surname are not blank, they are concatenated (capitalize(name) capitalize(surname)), otherwise we use the creditName
author.pid		only if the ORCID is available
author.pid.id.scheme		Default orcid (meaning that it is confirmed by ORCID, (in contrast to the orcid_pending set from Crossref and Unpaywall)
author.pid.id.value	oid
author.pid.provenance.provenance		Default Harvested
author.pid.provenance.trust		Default 0.9

The records are enriched with the ORCID identifiers of their authors.

The current approach is:

• if the number of authors from Crossref equals the size of authors from ORCID, then we pick the list of authors with more PIDs and try to enrich it with the PIDs from the other list, based on JaroWrinkler distance on authors' names, surnames, or fullnames, depending on which properties are available;
• if the number of authors are different, then we take the longest and try to enrich it with the PIDs from the other author list, based on JaroWrinkler distance on authors' names, surnames, or fullnames, depending on which properties are available

Miriam will modify the process to ensure that:

• the list of authors from Crossred always "win"
• the identifiers from ORCID "win"

Intersect with Microsoft Academic Graph

Important Notes

• Only papers with DOI are considered
• Since for the same DOI we have multiple version of item with different MAG PaperId, we only take one per DOI (the last one we process). We call this dataset Papers_distinct

When mapping MAG records to the OpenAIRE Graph, we consider the following MAG tables:

• PaperAbstractsInvertedIndex: for the paper abstracts
• Authors: for the authors. The MAG data is pre-processed by grouping authors by PaperId
• Affiliations and PaperAuthorAffiliations: to generate links between publications and organisations
• Journals and ConferenceInstances: joined with Papers_distinct to have the information about the venues where the paper was published
• TO BE REMOVED PaperUrls: to create one instance for the OpenAIRE publication
• FieldsOfStudy: to add subjects

The records are enriched with:

• abstracts
• MAG identifiers of authors
• affiliation relationships
• subjects (MAG FieldsOfStudy)
• conference or journal information (in the journal field) TODO: or container, in case of the dump?
• [TO BE REMOVED] instances with URL from MAG

Enrich DOIBoost3 with hosting data sources (hostedby) and access right information

In this phase, we intersect DOIBoost3 with a dataset composed of journals from OpenAIRE, Crossref, and the ISSN gold list. Each journal comes with its International Standard Serial Numbers (issn, eissn, lissn) and, when available, a flag that tells if the journal is open access. The intersection is done on the basis of the International Standard Serial Numbers. The records with a journal.[l|e]issn that match are enriched as follows:

• Each instance gain the hostedby information corresponding to the journal
• If the journal is open access, the access rights of the instances are also set to Open Access with gold route (because by construction, the journals we know are open are from DOAJ or Gold ISSN list)

The hostedby of records that do not match are set to the Unknown Repository.

References

The idea behind DOIBoost and its origin can be found in the paper (and related resources) at:

• La Bruzzo S., Manghi P., Mannocci A. (2019) OpenAIRE's DOIBoost - Boosting CrossRef for Research. In: Manghi P., Candela L., Silvello G. (eds) Digital Libraries: Supporting Open Science. IRCDL 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 988. Springer, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11226-4_11 . Open Access version available at: 10.5281/zenodo.1441071